Arduino Tutorials

Hello Friends, As we all know that Arduino is the open source electronics prototyping platform. Here are some of the tutorial for Arduino.
1. Blinking LED
Steps:

• Double click on Arduino icon. ( You can download Arduino From www.arduino.cc)
• Select File> New
• Give the folder name Blink_LED and click OK.
• Type the code as  given in pdf at end of this post in main window of Arduino IDE.
• Now you have to verify this code(ctrl+R).
• If your code is correct then press upload to I/O board button.( as shown in fig)
• When you see done uploading at the bottom then you have completed correctly.
• your LED will be blinking.

You can do many other tutorial as given in the below pdf file. For more tutorias go to www.arduino.cc

DOWNLOAD TUTORIALS

Creation of matrix in matlab

As the name suggests MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) , matrix is the vital part of MATLAB. so today i am going to tell you how to create different types of matrices in MATLAB.

Informally, the terms matrix and the array are often  used interchangeably. More precisely , a matrix is a two- dimensional rectangular  array of real or complex numbers that represents a linear transformation. The linear algebraic operations defined on matrices have found applications in a wide variety of technical fields.

MATLAB has dozens of functions that create different kinds of matrices. These commands you can try on your command window of MATLAB.

1. A=magic(3)                   % creates random 3 by 3 matrix
2. B=pascal(3)                  % creates symmetric matrix
3. C=fix(10*rand(3,2))      % creates 3 by 2 rectangular matrix of random integers
4. x=[7;8;9]                      % produce a column vector
5. y=[4 5 -6]                     % produce a row vector
6. z=2                               % produce a scalar

so from this code you can try and make your own matrix in MATLAB.

Power Supply

Every person who is related with Electronics field must know about the power supply used in Electronics circuits. Today i m going to tell you about the power supply used in Electronics circuits.

First of all we all know that in our house we have 230V power supply specially in india. But this much of power supply damages the electronics circuit which we use for our projects and research purpose. So what should we do to get power supply of 5V or 12V?? Here it is the circuit which converts 230V into 5V or 12V.

To make this circuit you require Transformer, two diodes, a Voltage regulator IC 7805, two capacitors.

I hope this will help you in your projects or study.

Reference book list for ece in GATE

Here I am going to tell you the reference books which contain the concepts of Electronics & Communication Engineering for the preparation of GATE...

• Engineering Mathematics:

          1) Higher Engineering Mathematics by B.S.Grewal

               a) Solutions to differential equations

               b) Complex analysis

               c) Vector calculus

          2) Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwyn Kreyszig

            a) Differential equations: Euler-Cauchy, existence and uniqueness of solutions:        Wronsian and  homogeneous linear ODEs

               b) Vector calculus: Change of variables in surface integrals

          3) Calculus (Differential and Integral) by Shanti Narayan

          4) Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes by Papoulis, Pillai

• Digital Electronics:

              Morris Mano - Digital Logic Computer Design

• Network Analysis :

              Hayt and Kemmerly - Engineering Circuit Analysis

• Signals and Systems:

             1) Oppenheim, Willsky - Signals and Systems

             2) Oppenheim, Schafer - Discrete-Time Signal Processing (DFT and FFT)

• Control Theory:

             1) Katsushiko Ogata - Modern Control Engineering

             2) Norman Nise - Control Systems Engineering (Stability Analysis)

             3) Schaum's Outline of Feedback and Control Systems (Polar and Nyquist plots)

• Electro Magnetic Theory, Transmission Lines, Waveguides and Antennas:

             1) Sadiku - Elements of Electromagnetics

             2) Jordan and Balanis - Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems

             3) Harish and Sachidananda - Antennas and Wave Propagation

• Communication Engineering:

            1) Simon Haykin - Communication Systems

            2) B.P. Lathi - Modern Analog and Digital Communication

• Analog Circuits:

           1) Robert Boylestad - Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

           2) Sedra and Smith - Microelectronic Circuits

• Electronic Devices:

           1) Streetman, Banerjee - "Solid State Electronic Devices"

I hope this list of books will help you in the preparation of GATE. Best of luck guys!!!!!

How to improve battery life of laptops & smartphones

     Today's generation is Smart generation and they are using smart phones and laptops in their everyday life. But battery life is the biggest problem in both laptops and smartphones. Nowadays there are many software are available on the Google play store to save the battery life, but this doesn't work properly. Most of you have might felt this problem. You have also read many articles about how to conserve your laptop or smart phones battery power, but not much about how to take care of your batteries. So what to do?? Here is the answer you want....

      Most laptop batteries these days are lithium-ion batteries. lithium-ion batteries do not have a charge memory,which means that you do not have to completely discharge them before recharging.So in order to get better performance ,fully discharging and charging the battery is completely useless. Many of the people leave their laptop plugged in during their use, like a desktop replacement. Will this cause degradation in battery life? Having your laptop plugged in with a fully charged battery in it is not harmful, because as soon as the charge level reaches 100% , the charging of the battery stops and the power will be bypassed directly to the to the power supply system of the laptop.How ever there is a severe disadvantage for this.Heating of the battery ! 

      Heating has a major negative effect on the battery life.When you use your laptop top plugged in, the battery will be subjected to heavy heating and will spoil the battery. Some tips for getting better battery life Avoid charging your laptop while using it. Remove the battery while you are working on AC current. Allow partial discharge (20 to 30 %)of the battery and avoid frequent full discharges .After 30 or 40 charges,allow the batteries to almost completely discharge (up to 10%). Avoid putting your laptop on thermally insulating materials. Ensure proper ventilation while working on the laptop.You can use cool pads which will reduce the heating effect. Avoid complete discharging. Never allow your battery to go below 5 % of charge..

     Same thing you can do it for your valuable smartphone like Samsung galaxy, Sony, lg nexus , micromax canvas and lots of more available in the market right now... I hope you will get some valuable information from this post....

AMOLED Display

Sometimes you heard from your friends or anywhere that my mobile has AMOLED display. So what is there in AMOLED display?? Here is introduction about AMOLED display...

AMOLED stands for Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode. In this the display actually emits colors directly from organic diodes rather than needing polarizing filters, crystals or backlights as for LCDs. 

AMOLED is an OLED based technology used for manufacturing display which is known for its contrast that is unrivaled by the displays based on LCD technology. 

The biggest problem of the AMOLED display is that it is poor under the direct sunlight.

At this time Samsung is featuring this display in their smartphones. As you can see in the above image Samsung galaxy s 2 has super AMOLED display. Samsung has introduced many types of AMOLED display. They are listed below:

• Super AMOLED - used in samsung
• Super AMOLED plus - used in samsung
• Super AMOLED Advance
• HD super AMOLED
• Clear AMOLED plus- used by Nokia

AMOLED display provide higher refresh rates than the other displays like LED, LCD. So touch becomes smoother and user can get full advantage of it. Power consumption is critical to battery life.

High Definition Television

      High-definition television (HDTV) is a digital television broadcasting system with greater resolution than traditional television systems (NTSC, SECAM, PAL). High-definition television (HDTV) provides a resolution that is substantially higher than that of standard-definition television.

     HDTV is digitally broadcast because digital television (DTV) requires less bandwidth if sufficient video compression is used. HDTV uses 16:9 widescreen as is its aspect ratio so widescreen pictures are transmitted properly and not letter boxed or panned.

     There are three key differences between HDTV and what's become known as standard definition TV ie regular NTSC, PAL or SECAM. The three differences are; an increase in picture resolution, 16:9 widescreen as standard, and the ability to support multi-channel audio such as Dolby Digital.

     Standard definition NTSC broadcasts have 525 horizontal lines, and PAL broadcasts are slightly better at 625 lines. In both these systems however, the actual number of lines used to display the picture, known as the active lines, is fewer than that. In addition, both PAL and NTSC systems are interlaced, that is, each frame is split into two fields, one field is the odd-numbered lines and the other is the even lines. Each frame is displayed alternately and our brain puts them together to create a complete image of each frame. This has an adverse affect on picture quality.